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Educational Philosophy of Baacha Khan

20.09.2014, By: Ihsanullah 
Pakhtuns were ruled indirectly by Mughals, Sikh and British. Usually invaders found 
prominent people with in Pakhtuns and ruled through them. Most of the invaders tries to 
impose themselves over pkahtuns but can’t succeed. Of all those British was the wise 
one. They subjugate Pakhtuns through Sikhs and ruled them indirectly. Fear from 
Pakhtuns abilities, British planed to destroy them in every field of life particularly in 
education. 
After capturing most of the Indian Sub-continent territory, British starts struggle for 
spreading Christianity. They introduced missionary activities. Through those missionary 
activities British aimed conversion of Pakhtuns to Christianity to defend themselves in 
Indian Sub-continent. For that dirty purpose British used the sacred profession of doctors 
and teachers. They establish missionary hospitals and schools in different parts of the 
region. They penalized people like Dr. Penal, Dr. Edward Herbert, Dr. Clark and Dr. 
Pander for those missionary activities. These people used their professions for missionary 
activities. Herbert Edward (first British Commissioner of Peshawar) opens Edward 
Mission School at Peshawar in 1853. Sir Robert Croft was appointed its first Principal. 
Initially it was a primary school but later on given the status of Higher Secondary and 
then the famous Edward College. 
To stop such activities some one has to come forward for the rescue of Islam and revival 
of Pakhtuns. In such a critical situation a man with charismatic qualities appear on the 
hopeless scenario of the region and give a hope to the society. That man was Haji Abdul 
Wahid popularly known as Haji Sahib of Turangzai. He felt that both Sikhs and British 
want to destroy Pakhtuns socially and economically. Pakhtuns were indulged in 
un-Islamic activities which disturb their social life. To get rid of those un-Islamic 
activities, Haji Sahib starts a movement for the reformation of Pakhtun society. During 
that movement he felt that for the success of this movement it is important to impart 
religious education in the innocent masses. For this purpose he opens a chain of Madaris
(religious schools) through out the region to counteract missionary schools. Haji Sahib 
couldn’t establish those madaris himself but common Pakhtuns established those madaris
with their own funds and Haji Sahib only manages those madaris. The number of those 
madaris is ambiguous. The British record suggested it as 34 but other sources place them 
72, 120 and 150 respectively. Haji Sahib himself inspects the schools every month. The 
system was going very well which annoyed the British. And they open a war against him 
and his schools. He was arrested in 1910 and sent to Jail. This forced him to leave the 
settled area and migrated to Mohmand Agency where he lived till his death (1937). 
Migration of Haji Sahib disturbs his educational plane. Though his disciples reopen those 
schools but couldn’t maintain the discipline. It was near that the whole system might flop. 
In the meantime an admirer of Haji Sahib came forward and took the responsibility of educating Pakhtuns. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was the name of that person and world 
knows him as Baacha Khan. He was a landlord but knows exactly that what Pakhtuns 
would needed? He was a part of Haji Sahib social reforms movement but greatly 
impressed by his educational plane. In attachment with that educational plane, Baacha 
Khan and Maulvi Abdul Aziz open a madrasa-cum-school in 1910 at Utmanzai. The 
mullahs opposed the plane by declaring it as a missionary school but they have no real 
alternative. They oppose Baacha Khan and his colleagues on different occasion. 
After establishing that school at Utmanzai, Baacha Khan indulged in family matters 
which disturb his educational plane. His busyness continued till 1920. During that spare 
of time, Baacha Khan visited the whole region frequently. In his visit he noted ignorance 
and illiteracy among Pakhtuns. From those experiences he concluded that for the revival 
of Pakhtun society a revolution is needed. And revolution needs leaders and scholars. 
Indeed education is prerequisite for producing such type of leaders and scholars. To 
educate Pakhtuns, Baacha Khan kept the foundation of Azad Islamia School in 1921 at 
Utmanzai. Maqsud Jan Khan of Bannu became the first headmaster of that Azad School 
at Utmanzai. His elder brother Amir Mumtaz Khan joins the school as a teacher. Both 
these brother left Islamia College Peshawar during Khilafat movement studying in B.A. 
They were gifted by his father Amir Mukhtar Khan to the Azad School of Baacha Khan. 
When Maqsod Jan left the school to continue his education, his elder brother Amir 
Mumtaz Khan became the headmaster of this school. Lack of teaching staff compels 
Bacha Khan to teach himself in the school. His both sons Khan Abdul Ghani Khan and 
Khan Abdul Wali Khan were among the first students of that school. 
The idea of Azad School became so popular among Pakhtuns which is a pleasing moment 
for the founder but that shocked the British. They weren’t interested in the uplift of the 
Pakhtuns. To stop Baacha Khan from such activities they used different tactics. They 
humiliate Khan Teachers, by giving greed of enough salary and offer them better posts in 
Govt. schools but can’t succeed to defame Khan’s educational plane. In 1921 they 
arrested Baacha Khan under 40 FCR when he was busy in making a football ground for 
school children and sentenced three years imprisonment. His imprisonment works in 
favour of schools and in no times the number of school branches raises rapidly. Most of 
those branches were open in Charsaddah, Mardan, Swabi and Nowshehra tehsils. 
Azad Schools was affiliated with Jamia Millia, Delhi, on December 1, 1923. Jamia Millia 
conducts its examinations and a number of students after passing matriculation in Azad 
Schools joined Jamia Millia for further education. The schools mainly followed the Jamia 
syllabus with necessary modification required by the local environment. Pashto was 
adopted as medium of instruction but certain subjects were thoughts in English. The 
curriculum also included teaching of the Holy Quran, Hadith, Fiqah, Arabic language and 
Islamic history to impart religious education in the Pakhtuns. 
Successful experience of Azad Schools boosts Baacha Khan Confidence. He starts 
thinking about the establishment of a society for the reformation of Pakhtuns. In 1921 he 
established the society with the name of ‘Anjuman-e-Islah Afaghina’ (Society for the 
reformation of Afghans). The society aimed to encourage the economic, social and educational uplift of Pakhtuns. He stressed upon the Pakhtuns to take on professions for 
earning money despite using their valid time in useless activities. To set an example, 
Baacha Khan himself open a shop at Gur Mandi (sugar cane market) and start working 
by himself in his own fields. The establishment of this association also aimed that it 
would take the responsibility of supervision of Azad schools chain and work for the 
opening of other schools. 
During his tours he observed that Pakhtuns were not even conscious that Pashto was their 
language, and wherever they went, they adopt the local language and forget their mother 
tongue. They don’t teach their language to others and did not care to read and write in 
Pashto. For propagation of Pashto language, Baacha Khan started ‘Pakhtun’ journal in 
May 1928. He was the editor of the journal. Yearly subscription of the journal was Rs. 4 
rupees. To attract the attention of the students, its yearly subscription was reduced to two 
and half rupees. Journal is of medium size having forty pages. Initially the journal was 
published in Rawalpidi, then in Amritser and finally at Peshawar. The journal contained 
well written articles on different subjects like politics, Pashto literature, Pashto poetry, 
Islamic history, gender issues, Indian affairs, social problems of Pakhtun society, Afghan 
affairs and etc. In no time Pakhtun journal became a mouth piece of the Pakhtuns. People 
not only in Pakhtunkhawa but abroad also demanded for the journal. Its circulation was 
reached from 500 to 3000 which show how famous is this journal among Pakhtuns. The 
main reason of its famousness was that there is no Pashto journal in the region till 1928. 
Other reason was its topics which mostly cover all fields of the region. 
British were first feared from the Azad Schools and then from Pakhtun magazine of 
Baacha Khan. That’s why he was continuously involved in one or other matter and 
banned the journal. After release Baacha Khan starts republishing that magazine. This 
was even continued after the creation Pakistan but they all don’t shake Baacha Khan from 
his educational plane. He continued his struggle of educating Pakhtun till his death. His 
mission was carried on by his disciples even after his death. 
In 2007 Baacha Khan Trust (BKT) reorganizes chains of Baacha Khan Azad Schools 
under Baacha Khan Trust Education Foundation (BKTEF) label. Round about 14 
branches were open. Among those Mathra Branch is the pioneer which was opened on 1st
September 2007 at a place donated by Muhammad Hashim Babar, former Awami 
National Party leader. This was followed 13 more branches which were open in different 
parts of the region. Among those 2 branches were open in Peshawar, (Mathra and 
Nautia), Malakand (Totakan and Dargai) and Karak District. A branch in Charsadda, 
Mardan, Swabi, Dir upper, Landi Kotal, Chitral, Thal and Kohat were also opened later 
on. 
BKTEF was under supervision of board of directors which comprise 11 members. 
Presently Dr. Khadim Hussain is working as its Managing Director. With promotion of 
primary education BKTEF also working for Youth leadership and Culture Development. 
Beside this it also worked in civil society and environmental projects as well. BKTEF 
follow Oxford syllabus with necessary modification according to the environment. The 
schools mainly focused on development of Pashto in addition with I.T and religious knowledge. Medium of instruction is Pashto and English. BKTEF used to give free of 
cost education. Foundations provide books, uniforms free of cost and its fee structure is 
nominal. 
Establishment of BKTEF is a great achievement of BKT. The system not only educates 
Pakhtuns but it also promotes Non-violence philosophy of Baacha Khan. In current 
context Pakhtuns need this philosophy badly to shake off the label of violent and terrorist. 
BKTEF play its part by promoting primary education and other projects like community 
development and youth leadership. Beside these projects foundation should start a project 
focusing non-violence philosophy and find specialists in this field to deliver lectures on it 
and aware masses of its importance. 
The foundation achieves their goals but needs more improvement. Foundation can 
improve it further if they follow the disciplines of Baacha Khan for which he struggle in 
his entire life. Those disciplines are to live simply, be punctual, trust worthy, avoid 
useless activities and work hard. If they follow these very principles then a time wills 
come when this system wills rules over all other education system that was followed in 
the region.

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